ABSTRACT Patterns of species diversity are essential to understand community structure. We aimed to determine species diversity and patterns of beta diversity in different spatial scales. We sampled three thousand individuals between the coordinates 22°10'S to 22°16'S and 47°47'W to 48°00'W to assess species diversity in three spatial scales (maximum distances of 80 m, 1,400 m, and 12,000 m), using the point-centered-quarter method. We partitioned gamma diversity into alpha and beta components. Beta diversity was partitioned into dissimilarities produced by spatial species turnover and nestedness. The contribution of beta diversity to gamma diversity was greater than that of alpha diversity in all scales, although the patterns of species diversity were similar for the evaluated scales, and was similar to that described for larger spatial scales. The sampled fragments presented means of 15 exclusive species and 47.5 species per fragment, and dissimilarities [β(SØR)=0.7] almost completely explained (94 %) by spatial species turnover. The results indicate that the remnant fragments are residual patches of an originally heterogeneous vegetation. The fragmentation processes could have progressed differently in each portion of the original vegetation, producing the current heterogeneous vegetation. Thus, there is a potential of high local species extinctions if the remnant fragments are deforested.

RESUMO Racional: No Brasil, a abordagem baseada em metas foi nomeada de Projeto ACERTO e tem obtido bons resultados quando aplicada em operações eletivas com diminuição do tempo de internação, retorno mais precoce as atividades sem incremento de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do ACERTO na assistência prestada em operações de emergência. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção em hospital de trauma. Foram comparados 452 pacientes submetidos à operações de emergência e acompanhados pelo serviço de cirurgia geral no período de outubro a dezembro de 2018 (fase pré-ACERTO, n=243) e no período de março a junho de 2019 (fase pós-ACERTO, n=209). Foram avaliados: reintrodução da dieta, volume de hidratação venosa pós-operatória infundido, tempo de uso de catéteres, sondas e drenos, analgesia pós-operatória, prevenção de vômitos pós-operatórios, mobilização precoce e fisioterapia. Resultados: Após a implantação do ACERTO houve reintrodução mais precoce da dieta, foi atingido o aporte calórico ideal mais precocemente, retirada mais precoce da hidratação venosa, maior prescrição de analgesia pós-operatória, de profilaxia de vômitos pós-operatórios e maior prescrição de fisioterapia e mobilização precoce em todos (p<0,01); na análise multivariada não houve alteração nas taxas de complicações observadas pré e pós-ACERTO (10,7% vs. 7,7% (p=0,268) e houve diminuição do tempo de internação pós-ACERTO (8,5 vs. 6,1 dias (p=0.008). Conclusão: A implantação do projeto ACERTO diminuiu o tempo de internação hospitalar, melhorou a assistência médica prestada sem incremento das taxas de complicações avaliadas.

ABSTRACT Background: In Brazil, the goal-based approach was named Project ACERTO and has obtained good results when applied in elective surgeries with shorter hospitalization time, earlier return to activities without increased morbidity and mortality. Aim: To analyze the impact of ACERTO on emergency surgery care. Methods: An intervention study was performed at a trauma hospital. Were compared 452 patients undergoing emergency surgery and followed up by the general surgery service from October to December 2018 (pre-ACERTO, n=243) and from March to June 2019 (post-ACERTO, n=209). Dietary reintroduction, volume of infused postoperative venous hydration, duration of use of catheters, probes and drains, postoperative analgesia, prevention of postoperative vomiting, early mobilization and physiotherapy were evaluated. Results: After the ACERTO implantation there was earlier reintroduction of the diet, the earlier optimal caloric intake, earlier venous hydration withdrawal, higher postoperative analgesia prescription, postoperative vomiting prophylaxis and higher physiotherapy and mobilization prescription were achieved early in all (p<0.01); in the multivariate analysis there was no change in the complication rates observed before and after ACERTO (10.7% vs. 7.7% (p=0.268) and there was a decrease in the length of hospitalization after ACERTO (8,5 vs. 6,1 dias (p=0.008). Conclusion: The implementation of the ACERTO project decreased the length of hospital stay, improved medical care provided without increasing the rates of complications evaluated.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi melhorar as características de fluxo do fluconazol com o emprego da granulação úmida e estudar o efeito desse processo na dissolução do fármaco em cápsulas e comprimidos. O fluconazol foi submetido ao processo de granulação úmida num granulador de alta velocidade empregando Plasdone K29/32 e K90. Foram determinadas as propriedades de fluxo dos grânulos e obtidos os perfis de dissolução de cápsulas e comprimidos obtidos com os granulados em estudo. Os grânulos de fluconazol apresentaram melhores características de fluxo após o processamento, demonstradas por meio das determinações do ângulo de repouso e do índice de compressibilidade, comparativamente à matéria-prima. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o processo de granulação melhorou a eficiência de dissolução (ED) do fluconazol nos comprimidos e cápsulas.

The aim of this work was to improve fluconazole flowability by wet granulation and to study the effect of granulation on drug dissolution from tablets and capsules. Fluconazole was submitted to a process of wet granulation in a high-speed granulator using Plasdone® K29/32 or K90. Flow properties of granules and dissolution profiles for tablets and capsules produced with them were determined. Fluconazole granules demonstrated better flowability, calculated by angle of repose and compressibility index data, compared with powder. Additionally, it was observed that the granulation process improved the dissolution efficiency (ED) of fluconazole from tablets and capsules, which could also suggest an increase in bioavailability. Higher dissolution efficiencies were achieved with Plasdone® K29/32.